Tag: Terrassa

BRIEF HISTORY

The complex of Seu d’Egara englobe the churches of Sant Pere, Santa Maria and Sant Miquel. It is considered as Heritage of Cultural Interest in Spain.

Iberian and Roman period (V B.C – III A.C): the first settlement is dated in the Neolithic. But in the IV century B.C there were an Iberian settlement. From the II c. B.C this place was Romanized. There are still some rests from the Roman period.

Centuries V – VIII: during this period some Cristian constructions were built and one of these constructions was the church of Sant Miquel. This church is the only building which conserves the original plan and facade from the VI century and it was a church where to entomb the deceased.

Medieval period (IX c. – XIII c.): in 988 the church suffered the only structural modification which was the demolition of the exterior gallery. During this period the churches of Sant Pere and Santa Maria suffered some important changes, while the church of Sant Miquel reminded almost the same.

Gothic period (IX c. – XV c.): during this period there were not any important structural changes, most of the changes where related to the decoration.

Modern period (XVI c. – XVIII c.): in the XVII century, the facade of the temple was rebuilt with more uniform and square stones than the original ones. Also, the door was built in a higher level than the original one. In the same century, most of the walls and the vaults where rebuilt when the building suffered an important demolish.

Present: between 1917 and 1921 the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch rehabilitated the complex. In the church of Sant Miquel he identified a baptistery of the Visigothic period and during the restoration of the building, he decided to build a pool where to baptize the new Christians. But then, in 2005, a new archeological study determined that it was not a baptistery but a mausoleum.

In 1980 J. Ambròs did some reparations of the roof. In 2002, due to structural problems, some rods to stabilize the building.

Finally, in 2005, it was done the last restoration project by Alfred Pastor. The exhumation of the hidden mausoleum was done. The lattices were cleaned and the cement that Puig i Caldafalch used between the ashlars was removed.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND GEOMETRY

It is a Romanic construction of one floor and a square plan (11x11m² aprox.). At the end of the presbytery, in a semi-basement floor, there is the crypt bellow the altar.

The main access is located in the South facade and it has two other entrance in the North and West facades. The roof is covered with tiles, but originally it was covered by stone slabs.

The plan shape is a Greek cross. The apse has the shape of a horseshoe. The eight columns were reused or came from other buildings. They are divided in three groups: the oldest group (2, 3, 7 and 8) made with White marble possibly come from the Roman period; the second group (4 and 5) are also of marble from the VII century; and the last group (1 and 6) are approximately from the centuries VII and IX.

BRIEF HISTORY

The complex of Seu d’Egara, where the church of Saint Pere is included, was built in the middle of the ancient settlement, in the confluence of two torrents. The development of the church of Saint Pere could be summarized in six fundamental steps.

Paleo-Christian and Visigoth period (4^th – 7^th c.): the place was first occupied by Iberian villages and then colonized by the Romans. It first became an episcopal center, and later a bishopric in the 5^th c. In this period a massive basilica was built where the church of Santa Maria is located now.

Pre-Romanesque era (8^th – 10^th c.): the totality of the complex was subjected to an important restyling leading to the separation of the three churches standing isolated as they are nowadays.

Romanesque period (11^th – 13^th c.): one of the most important architectural features derives from this period is the masonry barrel vault that covers the main nave. It was built following the layout of the previous nave from the Paleo-Christian period and using some of its remains for the foundations.

First intervention (17^th c.): in 1661 the lateral chapel of Sant Valenti was built. A general restoration of the external walls was also done and the construction of the two tower bells. A new lantern was built on top of the apse in order to introduce light to the altar, this intervention is thought to have led to the construction of two buttresses reinforcing the apse’s walls and so, increasing the load on the roof.

The restoration area (1895 – 1951): the lateral chapel of Santissim Sagrament was built in 1880. In 1885, one of the most significant restorations was carried out: the lantern and the bell towers built in the 17^th c. were dismantled. The remaining hole in the dome over the apse was closed and the buttresses on the back resized. The vicariate building was also demolished.

In 1905, the whole complex was redesigned by the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch. The works had to stop because of national conflicts striking the country, but the church managed to endure the Spanish Civil War without suffering any damage thanks to popular support.

Last intervention (1975 – 2014): the first restoration after the Civil War began in 1975. The buttresses from the 17^th c. were removed because they were no longer necessary. Reinforced concrete retrofitting of the foundation below the apse was done to discard any future settlement due to change of lateral soil configuration.

In 2001, a set of tie rods were placed in the north eastern wall in order to open a new door. Also, the rooftops of the Santissim Sagrament and Sant Valentì were restored.

The latest restoration was done in 2013-14. It consisted in the consolidation of the main nave of the church with six tie rods and in the repair of most visible structural damages. The walls were cleaned and the interior decorations were also restored. A new entrance was opened in the northern facade.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND GEOMETRY

The Romanesque main nave is covered by a slightly pointed masonry barrel vault which covers a span of almost 8 m. A second masonry barrel vault, higher and taller, covers the transept and connects the main nave to the apse and the lateral chapels. A very characteristic overlapping of three arches can be observed connecting these two vaults.

The 6^th c. trilobate apse is covered by a brick on-edge dome and the lateral chapels of Santissim Sagrament (19^th c.) and San Valentí (17^th c.) are covered by brick cross vaults. The lateral Pre-Romanesque chapels are half barrel on-edge brick vaults built on top of stone masonry walls.

These added units of different periods are independent elements inserted with a visible lack of interlocking. In previous restoration projects, the inner joints existing between units had been infilled with Portland cement, giving to the connections a rigidity the building had never had before.

Archaeological research has revealed that parts of the church are standing on top of remains of the ancient Roman basilica of Egara, which are serving as foundations. The soil where the church is standing is mostly clay. The archaeological excavations carried out in 2001 removed 1m of soil and revealed the foundations of the southern facade, altering both the ground level surrounding the foundations and the natural course of the running water.

Two different kinds of rooftops cover the different vaults: the main nave has a sand and rubble infill covered with roof tiles anchored to a wooden batten. And the northern lateral chapels have no infill and are covered by tiles on top of a wooden structure supported on both steel I-beams and wooden beams.